Inferring the dynamics of populations in time and space is a central challenge in ecology. Intra-specific structure (for example genetically distinct sub-populations or meta-populations) may require
HM, Hengduan Mountains; NC, northern China; CA, central Asia; * NST is significantly different from GST (P<0.05); **NST is significantly different from GST (P<0.01); ns, not significant. Genetic diver
Kinship and pedigree information, used for estimating inbreeding, heritability, selection, and gene flow, is useful for breeding and animal conservation. However, as the size of the crossbred populati