Cardiovascular risk factors, clinical and biochemical parameters of study groups.

Proportion of individuals with the indicated risk factor for each of the 4 groups of the study are indicated as percentages or averaged value:- HI, Healthy volunteers without cardiovascular risk or echocardiographic abnormalities; RF, individuals with cardiovascular risk factors and normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); ALVD, asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction individuals with cardiovascular risk factors and abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction; CHF, Patients with chronic stable systolic heart failure. All individuals were extensively phenotyped to check for clinical and biochemical parameters. Family history of coronary artery disease is defined as a family history of coronary event before 55 years in men and/or 65 years in women occurring in first degree relatives.*indicates P$indicates P = indicates P