Balanced Dataset of SEVIRI Observations for the Detection of Volcanic Clouds Composed of Ash, Ice, and SO2

This balanced dataset contains observations of volcanic clouds acquired by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) instrument on board the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary satellite. A manual labelling process was employed to generate a plume mask for each image. The original dataset was created and used by Guerrieri et al. (2023).

The dataset covers 49 eruptive events from Mount Etna that generated volcanic clouds composed of ash, ice, and SO2 between December 2020 and February 2022. In total, the dataset includes 2.242.673 pixels extracted from 1.259 SEVIRI images. Each pixel contains an associated label indicating whether it belongs to the Volcanic Cloud (VC) class or the Non-Volcanic Cloud (NVC) class.

The balanced dataset was generated and employed in the study “Leveraging Machine Learning Techniques and SEVIRI Data to Detect Volcanic Clouds Composed of Ash, Ice, and SO2” (Naranjo et al., 2026) submitted in February 2026.

The balanced dataset is provided in a file named balanced_dataset.csv, with a total size of 318.2 MB. The file contains 13 columns corresponding to the dataset features. In addition, two additional columns are included, corresponding to the class label and the acquisition datetime of each pixel.