Development and Validation of a PLE Scale from Academic Administrative Perspective (PLES-AA) in Tertiary Education: A Pilot Study in China

For the Confirmative Factor Analysis, a questionnaire for the importance of PLE implementation was developed based on the generated PLES-AA, which was composed of two parts: the demographic information, including gender, age, and degree, and 16 validated PLE items in the form of a five-level Likert scale (1 = not important, 5 = very important). A pilot test of 40 questionnaires was carried out to ensure that the questions were formulated clearly and understandably and that the responses generated the necessary information to answer the research questions. To ensure the quality of the answer, respondents suggested adding multiple-choice questions about familiarity with a PLE study. The refined Chinese versions of the questionnaire surveys were distributed via Wenjuanxing, e-mail, QQ, and WeChat.