Hyperactivation of Sympathetic Nerves Drives Melanocyte Stem Cell Depletion

Empirical and anecdotal evidence have associated stress with accelerated hair greying (formation of unpigmented hairs), but the scientific evidence linking the two is scant. Here, we report that acute stress leads to hair greying through fast depletion of melanocyte stem cells (MeSCs). Combining adrenalectomy, denervation, chemogenetics, cell ablation, and MeSC-specific adrenergic receptor knockout, we found that stress-induced MeSC loss is independent of immune attack or adrenal stress hormones. Rather, hair greying results from activation of the sympathetic nerves that innervate the MeSC niche. Upon stress, sympathetic nerve activation leads to burst release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which drives quiescent MeSCs into rapid proliferation, followed by differentiation, migration, and permanent depletion from the niche. Transient suppression of MeSC proliferation prevents stress-induced hair greying. Our studies demonstrate that acute stress-induced neuronal activity can drive rapid and permanent loss of somatic stem cells, and illustrate an example in which somatic stem cell maintenance is directly influenced by the overall physiological state of the organism.