Ribosome-Engineered Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG with Enhanced Adhesion and Immune Activation via Surface Moonlighting Proteins

While probiotics are recognized for their beneficial effects, individual variability remains significant. Therefore, ribosome engineering was applied to the well-known strain LGG to induce a mutation in the rpsL gene. The resulting mutant strain, LGG-MT K56N, exhibited potent immune-stimulating activity, and its effects were suggested to be attributable to GAPDH derived from extracellular vesicles (EVs).