Mouse tumors were induced by conditional alleles of the WNT, EGFR, TGF-beta and p53 pathways in intestinal stem cells of adult mice. Multiple primary tumours or metastases were cultured in 3D in conditions equivalent to those established for human CRC organoids. TGF-beta drives immune evasion in genetically reconstituted colon cancer metastasis

Most colorectal cancer (CRC) patients die as a result of metastasis. Neither conventional chemotherapy nor current targeted therapies offer long-lasting benefits once the disease has spread to distant organs. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown efficacy in only a small subset of patients bearing hypermutated CRCs. We study treatment options related to inmune system response.