The Consequences of Forest Fires in Nepal: A Comprehensive Review

Forest fires are a growing environmental and socio-economic concern in Nepal, particularly during the dry season from February to May. With nearly 45% of the country covered in forests, these fires have devastating impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems, public health, and livelihoods. Most fires are human-induced, often caused by slash-and-burn agriculture, pasture burning, and negligence; natural factors, such as drought and lightning, also contribute. The consequences include habitat destruction, loss of endangered species, soil erosion, poor air quality, and increased carbon emissions. Forest-dependent communities face livelihood disruptions, and respiratory illnesses rise during fire seasons. Despite policies and the efforts of Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs), limited resources and weak implementation hinder the effectiveness of fire control. Technological tools like satellite monitoring offer promise but are underutilized. A comprehensive, multi-sectoral approach involving policy reform, community engagement, and sustainable forest management is essential to mitigate the escalating threat of forest fires and enhance Nepal’s climate resilience.