Path analysis showing direct and indirect effect of Y₁∼Y₅ to Z (<i>Psathyrostachys juncea</i> Nevski).

F-values are presented along with statistical differences: *P <0.05, **P <0.01, ***P <0.0001. The direct effects of Y1∼Y5 to z are highlighted in bold (on main diagonal cell); Arrows illustrate directions of effects. pye = 0.6117, 0.5556, 0.8949 and 0.5192 for year 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively.