EFFECT OF ENERGY COST ON HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: A CASE OF KABARNET AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROJECT IN BARINGO CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY

Energy cost is a fiscal tool used by governments worldwide to raise revenue, regulate energy consumption, and support the transition to cleaner energy use. It takes the form of fuel excise duties, road maintenance levies, electricity surcharges, value-added tax on petroleum products, and carbon pricing, referred to in this study as energy cost components. Because energy is a basic input in transport, manufacturing, and construction, any change in these components has a direct effect on the cost structure of housing development projects (International Energy Agency (IEA), 2023; World Bank, 2022).