Life in Transition Survey 2010 - Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan...and 28 more

Abstract
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The Life in Transition Survey, after the crisis (LiTS II), is the second round of LiTS surveys, previously conducted in 2006 (LiTS I). In late 2006, the EBRD and World Bank carried out the first comprehensive survey of individuals and households across virtually the whole transition region. The purpose was to gain a better understanding of how people's lives had been shaped and affected by the upheavals of the previous 15 years.

Four years later, the EBRD and World Bank commissioned a second round of the survey. The circumstances facing most people were significantly different between the first and second rounds. The Life in Transition Survey I (LiTS I) was carried out at a time when the region's economies were, with few exceptions, growing strongly. In contrast, LiTS II took place in late 2010, at a time when most countries were still facing the aftershocks of a severe global economic crisis.

LiTS II advances and improves on LiTS I in two important ways. First, the questionnaire was substantially revised. The new questionnaire includes sections on the impact of the crisis and on climate change issues, as well as improved and expanded questions in areas such as corporate governance, public service delivery, and economic and social attitudes. Second, the coverage has been expanded to include five western European "comparator" countries - France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK. This allows us to benchmark the transition region against some advanced market economies, thereby giving a clearer perspective on the remaining challenges facing transition countries.

Geographic coverage
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The second Life in Transition Survey (LiTS II) was implemented in 30 transition countries (Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Kosovo) as well as five comparator countries in western Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United Kingdom).

Analysis unit
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- individuals
- households

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sampling methodology was designed to make the sample nationally representative. In order to achieve this, a two-stage clustered stratified sampling procedure was used to select the households to be included in the sample. In 25 transition countries, France, Germany, Italy and Sweden, the survey was conducted face-to-face in 1,000 randomly chosen households. In Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Serbia, Poland and the United Kingdom there were 1,500 household interviews in order to allow for a reasonably large sample for a follow-up telephone survey, which will be based on a shortened version of the current questionnaire and which will be conducted one year after the face-to-face survey, i.e., in autumn 2011.

In the first stage of the sampling, sample frame of Primary Sampling Units were established. In all countries, the most recent available sample frame of Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) was selected as the starting point. Local electoral territorial units were used as PSUs wherever it was possible, as they tend to carry the most up-to-date information about household addresses. The following sampling frames were used:

Electoral districts: Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia.
Polling station territories: Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro.
Census Enumeration Districts: Slovak Republic, Sweden, Tajikistan, Turkey.
Geo-administrative divisions: the remaining countries.

The second stage in sampling consisted of selecting households within each PSU. The aim was to make sure that each household was selected with an equal probability within any given PSU and hence all households in the country had the same probability of being selected. Two sampling procedures were used. In the majority of countries, a random walk fieldwork procedure was used: the fieldwork coordinator selected the first address to be sampled, and the interviewer was given clear instructions on how to select remaining addresses within the PSUs. For a small number of countries - Hungary, Lithuania, Slovenia and Sweden and the United Kingdom - the sample was pre-selected to ensure that the probability of any household's inclusion was always equivalent to the probability generated by random selection.

The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Life in Transition Survey 2010 - Final Report" pp.114-115.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaire of LiST II includes sections on the impact of the crisis and on climate change issues, as well as improved and expanded questions in areas such as corporate governance, public service delivery, and economic and social attitudes.

There are 8 Sections in the questionnaire: Household Roster, Housing and Expenses, Attitudes and Values, Climate Change, Labour, Education and Entrepreneurial Activity, Governance, Miscellaneous Questions, and Impact of the Crisis.

The respondents of the questionnaire are the head of the households or other knowledgeable household members for section 1 and 8. For sections 3-7, the respondents are the people selected randomly by using selection grids.

Response rate
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The standard interview method called for each selected household to be visited at least three times before being replaced. In the majority of cases (79 percent), however, the interviews were completed on the first visit. In 61 percent of cases, the head of the household and the principal respondent were the same person; in the remaining 39 percent, two different interviews were required to be carried out in the same household.

摘要
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《转型中的生活调查》（LiTS II），在危机之后，是继2006年（LiTS I）之后的第二次LiTS调查。2006年末，欧洲复兴开发银行（EBRD）和世界银行对几乎所有转型区域内的个人和家庭进行了首次全面调查。其目的是更深入地了解人们的生活是如何在过去15年的动荡中塑造和受到影响的。
四年之后，EBRD和世界银行委托进行了第二次调查。在第一次和第二次调查之间，大多数人所面临的状况发生了显著的变化。LiTS I调查是在该地区的经济，除少数例外，强劲增长时进行的。相比之下，LiTS II是在2010年末进行的，当时大多数国家仍在面临严重全球金融危机的余波。
LiTS II在两个重要方面超越了并改进了LiTS I。首先，问卷进行了大幅修订。新的问卷包括关于危机影响和气候变化问题的章节，以及在公司治理、公共服务提供、经济和社会态度等领域的改进和扩展问题。其次，覆盖范围已扩展到包括五个西欧“比较”国家——法国、德国、意大利、瑞典和英国。这使我们能够将转型区域与一些先进市场经济进行比较，从而更清晰地了解转型国家面临的剩余挑战。
地理覆盖范围
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第二次《转型中的生活调查》（LiTS II）在30个转型国家（阿尔巴尼亚、亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、白俄罗斯、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、保加利亚、克罗地亚、捷克共和国、爱沙尼亚、前南斯拉夫马其顿共和国（FYROM）、格鲁吉亚、匈牙利、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯共和国、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、摩尔多瓦、蒙古、黑山、波兰、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克共和国、斯洛文尼亚、塔吉克斯坦、土耳其、乌克兰、乌兹别克斯坦和科索沃）以及五个西欧比较国家（法国、德国、意大利、瑞典和英国）实施。
分析单元
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- 个人
- 家庭
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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抽样方法旨在使样本具有全国代表性。为此，采用了两阶段分层聚类抽样程序来选择样本中的家庭。在25个转型国家（法国、德国、意大利和瑞典），调查是在1000个随机选择的家庭中进行面对面进行的。在俄罗斯、乌克兰、乌兹别克斯坦、塞尔维亚、波兰和英国，有1500个家庭访谈，以便为后续的电话调查提供一个合理的较大样本，该电话调查将基于当前问卷的简短版本，并在面对面调查后一年进行，即2011年秋季。
在抽样第一阶段，建立了初级抽样单位（PSU）的样本框架。在所有国家，最近可用的PSU样本框架被选为起点。在可能的情况下，使用地方选举领土单位作为PSU，因为它们往往包含关于家庭地址的最新信息。以下采样框架被使用：
选举区：保加利亚、匈牙利、波兰、罗马尼亚、塞尔维亚。
投票站领土：阿尔巴尼亚、亚美尼亚、白俄罗斯、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、摩尔多瓦、黑山。
人口普查枚举区：斯洛伐克共和国、瑞典、塔吉克斯坦、土耳其。
地理行政划分：其他所有国家。
抽样第二阶段包括在每个PSU内选择家庭。目标是确保在任一给定PSU内每个家庭被选中的概率是相等的，因此该国所有家庭被选中的概率相同。使用了两种抽样程序。在大多数国家，使用了随机行走实地调查程序：实地协调员选择了要采样的第一个地址，访谈员被给予了如何在PSU内选择剩余地址的明确指示。对于少数国家——匈牙利、立陶宛、斯洛文尼亚和瑞典以及英国——样本是预先选择的，以确保任何家庭的被选中概率始终等同于随机选择产生的概率。
抽样程序在《转型中的生活调查2010 - 最终报告》的第114-115页有更详细的描述。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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LiTS II的问卷包括关于危机影响和气候变化问题的章节，以及在公司治理、公共服务提供、经济和社会态度等领域的改进和扩展问题。
问卷共有8个部分：家庭名单、住房和费用、态度和价值、气候变化、劳动、教育和创业活动、治理、其他问题、危机影响。
问卷的受访者是家庭负责人或其他对该部分有知识的家庭成员，对于第1和第8部分。对于第3-7部分，受访者是通过使用选择网格随机选择的人。
应答率
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标准访谈方法要求每个选定的家庭至少访问三次，然后才能被替换。然而，在大多数情况下（79%），访谈是在第一次访问时完成的。在61%的情况下，家庭负责人和主要受访者是同一个人；在剩余的39%中，需要在同一家庭中进行两次不同的访谈。