Questionnaire on optimism and entrepreneurship

A survey-based quantitative approach was employed to gather data from university students across different academic years and disciplines, ensuring variability in exposure to entrepreneurship. The survey measured dependent (entrepreneurial self-efficacy), mediating (entrepreneurial passion), independent (grit), and control variables (proximal entrepreneurship, course year, and gender). The sampling procedure was purposive, aiming to represent students across different academic disciplines—from business and communication to engineering, education, and health sciences.