Past, current and future of three of Fonsecaea agents of human chromoblastomycosis Supplementary Materials

The epidemiology of theFonsecaeaetiologic agents of human chromoblastomycosis is investigated. Haplotype networks based on ribosomal and mitochondrial genes show significant diversity, in part associated with geographical distance.Fonsecaea nubica,which is hypothesized to have an African origin, showed the largest diversity and was interpreted as being ancestral. On the basis of 13 mitochondrial genes, the origin of the pathogenic strains was estimated at 40 Kya. The phylogeny of the pathogenic clade ofFonsecaeawas linked to human population movements out of Africa and colonization of the Americas. Analysis of mating type suggests a prevalently clonal reproductive mode, with preponderance of MAT-1-1 mating type and occasional occurrence of truncated MAT-1-2 and well as fusion products which may not be functional. A detected virulence factor shared by theFonsecaeaspecies potentially causing deep infection was aSOCE-associated regulatory factor of calcium homeostasis, playing a role in extremotolerance. Slight differences in climatic preference of the species were noted, which enabled prediction of the suitable areas for each species and suggests a possible increase in the distribution of these pathogens in the future under a scenario of climate change.