Oncogenic changes and EMT in normal human bile duct epithelial cells are caused by parasite-derived materials and N-nitrosodimethylamine

A total of 1,301 differentially expressed genes were identified: 521 upregulated and 780 downregulated. Furthermore, p21 and PAI levels decreased, which coincided with decreases in E-cadherin and increases in fibronectin expression, in cells stimulated with Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory products (ESPs) and NDMA. Cancer-related proteins, such as EGFR, K-ras, and PCNA, were significantly upregulated in cells exposed to C. sinensis ESPs and NDMA. Our results showed that C. sinensis ESPs and a small amount of NDMA were sufficient to induce cancerous transformation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in normal H69 cholangiocytes. Overall design: mRNA expression profiles of the 'Human Liver' by Illumina Hi-seq 2500.