IMAGE II Genome-Wide Association

This sample represents a collection of cases across a range of sites. All of these samples were ascertained for ADHD with most meeting criteria for combined type ADHD. The collection sites span Europe and America. Further details on the source and inclusion and exclusion information can be found in Neale et al. "Case-Control Genome-Wide Association of Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder" J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 September; 49(9): 906-920 PMID20732627. For online access to this manuscript see: PMC2928577.]]>
Inclusion Criteria: Cases were primarily of Caucasian European ancestry recruited in the UK, USA, Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, and Germany with a diagnosis of ADHD either using DSM-IV or ICD-10 criteria. Subjects recruited were between the ages of 6-17 years. All cases were recruited with informed consent of parents and/or guardians and with the approval of the site's Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Ethical Committee. Exclusion Criteria: Cases were excluded if they had an IQ<70, autism, epilepsy, a neurological disorder of the CNS, or a genetic disorder that mimics ADHD. ]]>
We used case-control analyses of 896 cases with DSM-IV ADHD genotyped using the Affymetrix 5.0 array and 2,455 repository controls screened for psychotic and bipolar symptoms genotyped using Affymetrix 6.0 arrays. A consensus SNP set was imputed using BEAGLE 3.0, resulting in an analysis dataset of 1,033,244 SNPs. The data were analyzed using a generalized linear model. No genome-wide significant associations were found. The most significant results implicated the following genes: PRKG1, FLNC, TCERG1L, PPM1H, NXPH1, PPM1H, CDH13, HK1 and HKDC1 and suggest that the effects of ADHD risk variants must, individually, be very small and/or include multiple rare alleles.]]>