Frequency of nodding syndrome cases and village controls with positive exposures or presence of clinical findings.

Statistically significant values are in bold.CI: Confidence interval. OR: odds ratio.*Percent with exposure is calculated by number of cases with a positive exposure divided by number of cases, or number of controls exposed divided by number of controls.‡Odds ratio calculated as odds of positive exposure in cases versus odds of exposure in controls.†AOR1: Odds ratio adjusted for age. Note: additional models 2 (adjusted for age, munitions, roots) and 3 (adjusted for age, measles, sorghum, onchocerciasis skin snip positive) are available in an online appendix Table 5.?Missing data existed for the following exposure variables: malaria, malnutrition, pneumonia, diarrhea, head injury, crushed leaves, roots, flowers, inhaled medicine (number of cases responding to question = 50); swimming in the river or pond, visual or auditory hallucinations (cases = 49); skin nodules (cases = 48); low height for age, low BMI for age (cases = 45, controls = 48); all data used for frequencies, data from available matched pairs used for matched analyses.+Firth’s correction.**low BMI-for-age z-score: Unadjusted and adjusted odds of positive exposure or clinical finding in a case versus control.