Tracking pore formation during discharge in solid state Sodium batteries

Understanding the stripping behavior of sodium (Na) metal anodes in solid-state batteries (SSBs) is crucial for improving their performance and longevity. During stripping, voids form at the Na/solid electrolyte interface, leading to increased resistance, inhomogeneous current distribution, and capacity loss. This study employs operando X-ray nano-diffraction at ID13 to investigate the relationship between stripping conditions and pore formation. Using a novel pressure-controlled setup, NaSICON-based symmetrical Na-metal cells will be analyzed under varying current densities (0.1–1 mA/cm²) and stack pressures (0–10 MPa). A 70 nm X-ray beam in SAXS/WAXS geometry will track the evolution of pores, stress, and phase changes with high spatial resolution. The findings will inform strategies for interfacial engineering, pressure optimization, and cycling protocols, enhancing SSB durability and safety. Additionally, the development of this operando setup will enable future studies on interfac