WDU100516 EXCEL (1).xlsx

the paper highlights ✅ <b>Poor welfare conditions</b> were observed among working equines, including donkeys, horses, and mules, due to inadequate management practices.✅ <b>Common welfare concerns</b> included excessive workload, malnutrition, dehydration, lameness, wounds, and poor housing conditions.✅ <b>Harsh handling and traditional harnessing</b> methods contributed to physical injuries, reducing work efficiency and longevity.✅ <b>Major risk factors</b> affecting equine welfare were overloading, poor diet, lack of veterinary care, and owners’ limited awareness of proper management.