Effects of osthole and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the physiological growth of Panax quinquefolius in a forest

This study aimed to comprehensively assess how sericin and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens affects the growth parameters, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activities, disease incidence, and microbiome of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in the forest. Briefly, we believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because it showed that the use of sericin and B. amyloliquefaciens improved the growth of P. quinquefolius; increased its total chlorophyll and carotenoid content, as well as its net photosynthetic rate; decreased stromal conductance and intercellular CO2 levels; improved ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase activities; and reduced the disease incidence and index of ginseng anthracnose. Moreover, microbiome analysis clarified that exposure to sericin and B. amyloliquefaciens notably impacted the structure and diversity of the ginseng microbial community in favor of growth-promoting microorganisms.