Miniaturized spectral sensing with a tunable optoelectronic interface

Reconstructive optoelectronic spectroscopy has generated significant interest in the miniaturization of traditional spectroscopic tools, such as spectrometers. However, most state-of-the-art demonstrations face fundamental limits of rank-deficiency in the photoresponse matrix. In this work, we demonstrate a miniaturized spectral sensing system using an electrically tunable compact optoelectronic interface, which generates distinguishable photoresponses from various input spectra, enabling accurate spectral identification with a device footprint of 5μm×5μm. We report narrow-band spectral sensing with peak accuracies of ∼0.19 nm in free space and ∼2.45 nm on-chip. Additionally, we implement broadband complex spectral sensing for material identification, applicable to organic dyes, metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. This work advances high-performance, miniaturized optical spectroscopy for both free-space and on-chip applications, offering cost-effective solutions, broad applicability, and scalable manufacturing. Methods This is the very initial code version we used, this is a python version adapted from our earlier work, which was in Matlab (check https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012876). we believe python will provide more convenience in e.g., utilizing deep learning and AI based algorithm for further optimization.