Women's characteristics (N = 217).

SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; ART, antiretroviral therapy; ANC, antenatal care. 1The Fon ethnic group is the predominant ethnic group in South of Benin where the study took place. 2Defined by four or more of the pre-specified household assets: toilets, electricity, a refrigerator, television, motorbike, car. 3Median value and interquartile range are presented for the time since HIV diagnosis; 43% of enrolled women had been diagnosed during the ongoing pregnancy. 4Virologic failure defined as the persistence of pVL>5000 copies/ml after 6 months of ART. 5If more than one malaria event (n = 6), the gestational age at the first event was considered.