"Co-infection of RGNNV and Vibrio harveyi in grouper (Epinephelus spp.) increases mortality by affecting host immune and metabolism"

Co-infections are common in nature and cause complex effects, which receive more attention. Fishes are usually exposed to various microorganisms in the aquatic environment, resulting in the frequent occurrence of co-infection of fishes. Red-grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and Vibrio harveyi (V. harveyi) are the main viral and bacterial pathogens of fish, and are often detected simultaneously in diseased fish. However, the understanding of co-infection of RGNNV and V. harveyi in fish is still unclear. In this study, we have established a grouper (Epinephelus coioides) model of the co-infection of RGNNV and V. harveyi, to deeply investigate the outcome and mechanism of co-infection.