Dataset to the article Southern Arabia Population Patterns and Intensity of Cultural Exchanges Across the Holocene Humid Period

Dataset to the article Southern Arabia Population Patterns and Intensity of Cultural Exchanges Across the Holocene Humid Period This publication was supported by the Ministry of Education and Sport of the Czech Republic and European Union (MEYS and EU), RESHUM project ‘Ready for the future: understanding longterm resilience of the human culture’, Reg. no. CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004593. S1 data — Catalogue of 662 entire and partially complete projectile points from 53 archaeological sites in the Sultanate of Oman and the United Arab Emirates. Each record includes morphological, metrical, and technological attributes (15 selected characters, 61 character states) used to classify points into techno-complexes spanning the Final Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods (ca. 10,000–3,000 BCE). Artefacts belong to the collections of the Ministry of Heritage and Tourism of Oman and the Al-Ain Museum (UAE). S2 dates_om_uae_clean — Cleaned dataset of 346 radiocarbon determinations from 84 archaeological sites in Oman and the UAE, covering the Early and Middle Holocene (ca. 10,000–3,000 BCE). Includes balanced subsets of marine shell samples (n = 171, calibrated with Marine20 and a regional ΔR = 163 ± 51 ¹⁴C yr) and terrestrial charcoal/charred wood samples (n = 175, calibrated with IntCal20). Used to compute Summed Probability Distributions (SPDs) as a demographic proxy. S3 data_newclusters — Extended version of S1, with an additional column (CLUSTER) assigning each projectile point to one of eight final techno-clusters (A–H) identified through Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and K-means clustering. Cluster labels reflect distinct technological and morphological groupings used for aoristic time-series analysis. S4 Codes_Maiorano_Bortolini.R — R script (v4.5.2) containing all code used in the study, including: aoristic analysis and calculation of aoristic weights and sums per techno-cluster; Summed Probability Distribution (SPD) computation and taphonomic correction (Surovell et al. 2009); composite Kernel Density Estimation (cKDE); logistic demographic modelling; moving-window Pearson correlation between SPD and speleothem δ¹⁸O records; and Hill's diversity index calculation. Requires the rcarbon package. S5 Hoti — Z-scored stable oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O) time series from Hoti Cave, northern Oman (Neff et al. 2001), binned into 200-year intervals. Used as a palaeoclimatic proxy for regional precipitation variability in northern Oman during the Holocene. Higher δ¹⁸O values indicate drier conditions; lower values indicate wetter conditions. S6 Qunf — Z-scored stable oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O) time series from Qunf Cave, southern Oman (Fleitmann et al. 2007; Shah et al. 2013), binned into 200-year intervals. Used as a palaeoclimatic proxy primarily reflecting Indian Summer Monsoon intensity in southern Oman. Higher δ¹⁸O values indicate drier conditions; lower values indicate wetter conditions. S7 Palaeoenvironmental proxy from Hoti Cave — Full pairwise Spearman correlation table between the Hoti Cave δ¹⁸O record and demographic/technological proxies (corrected SPD, raw point counts, Hill's diversity index), computed over the study period. Supports assessment of climate–demography coupling in northern Oman. S8 Palaeoenvironmental proxy from Qunf Cave — Full pairwise Spearman correlation table between the Qunf Cave δ¹⁸O record and demographic/technological proxies (corrected SPD, raw point counts, Hill's diversity index), computed over the study period. Supports assessment of climate–demography coupling in southern Oman. S9 movingWin_Hoti.csv — Time-series output of moving-window Pearson correlation coefficients between the taphonomically corrected SPD and the Hoti Cave δ¹⁸O record. Correlations computed over 500-year windows shifted in 50-year steps, with all series resampled at 50-year intervals and z-scored prior to comparison. Used to identify transient phases of synchrony or divergence between demography and climate in northern Oman. S10 movingWin_Qunf.csv — Time-series output of moving-window Pearson correlation coefficients between the taphonomically corrected SPD and the Qunf Cave δ¹⁸O record. Same methodology as S9. Used to identify periods of coupling between population dynamics and monsoon-driven humidity in southern Oman. S11 Hamming.dist.R — R script for computing Hamming distances between projectile point records based on their discrete character states. Used to quantify inter-site technological similarity as a proxy for cultural interaction and exchange intensity across time. S12 Basic Terminology — Reference glossary defining the typological and technological terms used to name and classify projectile point types throughout the study (e.g., Fasad, Natif, Faya, Sharbithat, trihedral, planoconvex). Intended to aid readers unfamiliar with Arabian Neolithic lithic nomenclature in interpreting the datasets and figures. S13 Supplementary materials – Reference list — Bibliography of sources cited in the supplementary files but not included in the main article reference list. S14 Sites_and_Chrono bins — Table listing all archaeological sites included in the study with their associated chronological assignments and 200-year time-bin allocations used in the aoristic analysis. Provides the site-level temporal framework underlying the aoristic sums and SPD calculations.