Phenology and reproductive biology of Avena ludoviciana in relation to combined heat and drought stress

The phenology and reproductive biology of four Avena ludoviciana biotypes were studied under 1) an ambient temperature treatment (23/12°C day/night) with 100% PAWC (control); 2) an elevated temperature treatment (29/23°C day/night) with 100% PAWC (heat stress); 3) an ambient temperature treatment (23/12°C day/night) with 60% PAWC water stress); and 4) an elevated temperature treatment with a 60% PAWC (combined heat and water stress). Seeds of the biotypes, Biloela 1 (−24.3547, 150.4977) and Biloela 2 (−24.3504, 150.4977) were collected from the northern zone, and Toobeah (−28.3679, 149.5219) and Jandowae (−26.6672, 151.0246) were collected from the southern zone of the Northern Grains Region of Australia. The study was conducted for two years at The University of Queensland Gatton campus.