Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals suspected to interfere with developmental androgen action leading to adverse effects on male reproductive function. Prenatal expo
Ref: referent. ORs were adjusted for age (years), race (Mexican American, Other Hispanic, Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, and Non-Hispanic Black), poverty income ratio (tertiles), alcohol (gra
Abbreviations: 95%CI, 95% confidence interval; DFI, DNA fragmentation index; MD, mean difference. aAdjusted for abstinence time. bAdjusted for abstinence time, current own smoking and maternal and pat
