The Transformation of Zoos in the 20th Century: From Spectacles to Research Centers // Трансформация зоопарков в XX веке: От зрелищ к научно-исследовательским центрам

This article explores the comprehensive transformation of zoos in the 20th century, as they evolved from mere entertainment menageries into multifunctional scientific, research, and conservation centers. It examines the key factors that influenced this shift, including the humanization of attitudes towards animals, the development of urbanization and infrastructure, as well as ideological and political initiatives. Particular attention is given to the impact of Carl Hagenbeck's "barless zoo" concept, the advancements in ethology and veterinary medicine, and the formation of the global conservation movement. The article analyzes international events related to circuses and traveling menageries, and the role of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) in coordinating international cooperation. A separate section investigates the dramatic experience of Soviet zoos during World War II, including details of animal evacuation and the heroic work of staff under siege and bombardment conditions. Finally, the article discusses modern recommendations for zoo placement and their role in the contemporary world.