Passive and low-energy outdoor cooling for LA28

Bibliography (RIS). Literature addressing four passive or low-energy outdoor cooling strategies—shade structures, water-misting stations, evaporative (permeable) pavements, and reflective (high-albedo) pavements—heat stress, Olympic games, or other topics relevant to pedestrian, spectator, or athlete heat stress or its migitation at major sporting events. Climate summary (XLSX). The expected microclimate at each LA28 venue during the upcoming games (July 14–30, 2028) was approximated from historical observations recorded July 14–30 over the past five years (2021–2025). Hourly values of air temperature and RH at 2 m above ground level (AGL); wind speed at 10 m AGL; and global horizontal solar irradiance were downloaded from the Open-Meteo Historical Weather application programming interface (API), which provides European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis, version 5 (ERA5)-Land data at a spatial resolution of 9 km [64]. These observations were used to calculate mean values of high air temperature, low air temperature, RH, wind speed, solar irradiance, and precipitation in the morning (6 am – noon local time, defined as 6 ≤ local hour < 12), afternoon (noon – 6 pm), and evening (6 pm – midnight) hours over the 17-day period. Full-year daily values of high air temperature, low air temperature, and precipitation 2021–2025 downloaded from the same API were used to assign a Köppen climate classification to each venue.