iTRAQ-Based Proteomic Profiling of the Barnacle Balanus amphitrite in Response to the Antifouling Compound Meleagrin

Marine
biofouling refers to the unwanted accumulation of fouling organisms,
such as barnacles, on artificial surfaces, resulting in severe consequences
for marine industries. Meleagrin is a potential nontoxic antifoulant
that is isolated from the fungus Penicillium sp.;
however, its mechanistic effect mode of action on larval settlement
remains unknown. Here, we applied iTRAQ coupled with 2D LC–MS/MS
proteomic analysis to investigate the effect of meleagrin on the proteomic
expression profile of cyprid development and aging in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Fifty
proteins were differentially expressed in response to treatment with
meleagrin, among which 26 proteins were associated with cyprid development/aging
and 24 were specifically associated with the meleagrin treatment.
The 66 proteins that were associated with aging only remained unaltered
during exposure to meleagrin. Using KEGG analysis, those proteins
were assigned to several groups, including metabolic pathways, ECM–receptor
interactions, and the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Among
the 24 proteins that were not related to the development/aging process,
expression of the cyprid major protein (CMP), a vitellogenin-like
protein, increased after the meleagrin treatment, which suggested
that meleagrin might affect the endocrine system and prevent the larval
molting cycle. With the exception of the chitin binding protein that
mediates the molting process and ATPase-mediated energy processes,
the majority of proteins with significant effects in previous studies
in response to cyprid treatment with butenolide and polyether B remained
unchanged in the present study, suggesting that meleagrin may exhibit
a different mechanism.

海洋生物污损，亦即不期望的生物附着现象，诸如藤壶等生物在人工表面上的累积，对海洋产业产生了严重的负面影响。梅拉格林，一种从青霉属真菌中提取的潜在非毒性抗污剂，然而，其对幼虫附着作用的机制尚不明确。在本研究中，我们采用了iTRAQ技术与二维液相色谱-串联质谱蛋白质组学分析相结合的方法，以探究梅拉格林对藤壶Balanus amphitrite中足幼体发育与衰老的蛋白质表达谱的影响。在梅拉格林处理下，共有50种蛋白质的表达发生了差异，其中26种与足幼体的发育/衰老相关，而24种则专门与梅拉格林处理相关。与衰老相关的66种蛋白质在梅拉格林暴露下保持不变。通过KEGG分析，这些蛋白质被归类于多个组别，包括代谢途径、细胞外基质-受体相互作用以及肌动蛋白细胞骨架的调控。在24种与发育/衰老过程无关的蛋白质中，足幼体主要蛋白（CMP），一种类似卵黄蛋白的蛋白质，在梅拉格林处理后表达量增加，这表明梅拉格林可能影响内分泌系统并阻止幼虫蜕皮周期。除了介导蜕皮过程的几丁质结合蛋白和ATP酶介导的能量过程外，在先前的关于使用丁内酯和聚醚B处理足幼体的研究中显示出显著效果的蛋白质，在本研究中大多数保持不变，这表明梅拉格林可能表现出不同的作用机制。