<b>Pace or Inverse Error Provide Improved Approximations to Response Time or Response Time Residuals in Assessments</b>

Network analysis of assessment data suggested a close conjoint relationship between pace and question time intensity to response time (RT), independent of person speed. Theoretical consideration indicated that this was a necessary consequence of the relationship of pace and its inverse error to the inverse cumulative distribution function, assuming a normal dependent variable. Empirical data derived from four independent sources confirmed that pace and inverse error<i> </i>were linearly related to the residuals of logarithmic RT (R² &gt;0.90). Importantly, response times in either their logarithmic transform or raw metric (seconds), were also well predicted. Accordingly, pace or inverse error<i> </i>provides approximations to response time residuals in assessments and in conjunction with question time intensity can also predict assessment response times. Thus, the accuracy of these question-level measures may be particularly useful for evaluations of time-dependent processes associated with assessment outcomes.