藥用植物種源蒐集與利用 Collection and Utilization of Medicinal Plant Species

林試所蓮華池試驗林內森林生態保存完整，具藥用潛力的植物達4百餘種，日治時期(1918年)即設立藥用植物栽培試驗地。本計畫基於台灣中低海拔地區天然林長期開發及改變土地用途，具藥用潛力之植物資源嚴重流失，急需設置野外基因庫進行區外保育，並進行藥用植物亮點物種種原蒐集、保存及經營管理。本計畫篩選已經過科學研究驗證具有某些藥效化合物的原生植物，收集其種原，並建立野外基因庫。工作項目包括：調查收集原生藥用植物、設置藥用植物野外基因庫、進行物種培育、種原生態監測、園區維護管理、以及評估原生藥用植物在病蟲害防治之應用。
從40篇科學文獻中收集與分析45種物種的各種藥用效果，如：抗氧化、抗發炎、抗菌、抗蟲、細胞毒性等多項效用，其中以抗蟲、抗菌、細胞毒性等可能用於天然抗病蟲害的物種，其中僅有山胡椒同時具有這3種效用，而石苓舅與賊仔樹僅具抗蟲作用。山胡椒的果實抽取精油以及土肉桂葉萃取液對兩種白蟻都有很好的防治效果，在3天內皆會造成兩種白蟻100%的死亡率。本計畫亦進行肉桂醛型與枷羅木醇型土肉桂精油的化學分析，利用氣相層析分析與氣相層析質譜分析之兩種方法，得出肉桂醛型土肉桂精油成分，以trans- Cinnamaldehyde (桂皮醛) 最高，佔54.13%，此種化合物有抗菌、殺蟲之功效；另一枷羅木醇型土肉桂精油成分，以Linalool (芳樟醇) 最高，佔93.3%，此化合物可作香料。本計畫另一重點，對於藥用植物園中栽植樹木進行物候監測，以瞭解其開花結果季節，便於掌握其確切果實成熟時期。調查結果兩年之物候大致相似，這兩年氣候短期的變化，似乎對於其物候影響甚小。
由以上計畫研究成果可知，山胡椒與土肉桂為試驗有抗病蟲害之樹種，而石苓舅與賊仔樹是具有抗病蟲害之潛力，有相關的研究成果，值得持續關注。

The Experimental forests managed by Lienhuachih research center of TFRI are protected very well, with medicinal potential of the plants up to 400 species. In the Japanese occupation period (1918), it’s established medicinal plant cultivation experiments. Today, we based on protection of medicinal potential plant species in the long-term development of natural forests and change use of land. It’s urgent to set up field gene banks for conservation and to collect and preserve the highlights of medicinal plants and to manage the cultivate garden. The work’s includes: collecting native medicinal plants, managing garden of medicinal plants, ecological monitoring, and selecting applicable species for pest control.
The results were that several utilities included anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, insect-resistant, cytotoxicity, anti- cancer, and disease- resistant…etc. from 45 species in 40 references of scientific researches. The utilities of insect-resistant, anti- bacterial, and cytotoxicity may be applied by natural species for pest control, for examples: Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Persoon. (three utilities), Glycosmis citrifolia (Willd.) Lindl. (insect- resistance), and Tetradium glabrifolium (Champ. ex Benth.) T. Hartley (insect- resistance). In the termite’s experiment, the fruits’ essential oil of Litsea cubeba and the leaf’s extract of Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira could result 100% kill in 3 days on two species of termites. In chemical analysis, we used GC/MS to know about the compounds in two varieties of C. osmophloeum. The most compounds are trans- Cinnamaldehyde (54.1%) in C. osmophloeum ct. cinnamaldehyde and Linalool (93.3%) in C. osmophloeum ct. linalool. The first compound could be used by anti-pest utilities, and the second one could be made by spices. The other point in this project is to monitor the cultivated plants in medicinal garden for understanding the flowering and fruit seasons. The monitoring result between two years (2015 – 16) was similar, and therefore the short climate change may less affect plant’s phenology.
The conclusion in this project is that L. cubeba and C. osmophloeum are the anti- pest species for experimenting. Glycosmis citrifolia and Tetradium glabrifolium could be potential of resisting insects and bacteria in some researches.