Nanopore Whole Genome Sequencing suggests effect of autogenous vaccination on the evolution of Riemerella anatipestifer in a duck farm in BC, Canada

Riemerella anatipestifer is a gram negative, non-motile bacterium that can cause significant disease and economic loss in duck production throughout the world. Introduction of the disease into a flock is unknown but is often linked to poor environmental conditions and concomitant diseases. The disease is controlled by vaccination with commercially available vaccines, and autogenous vaccines. The present work compares an original isolate from which an autogenous vaccine was developed and used in the farm, and two more recent isolates found years later despite autogenous vaccination.