Socio-Economic Panel Survey 2021-2022 - Ethiopia

Abstract
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The Ethiopia Socioeconomic Panel Survey (ESPS) is a collaborative project between the Ethiopian Statistical Service (ESS) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic, household-level panel data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and generating a clearer understanding of the link between agriculture and other sectors of the economy. The project also aims to build capacity, share knowledge across countries, and improve survey methodologies and technology. ESPS is a long-term project to collect panel data. The project responds to the data needs of the country, given the dependence of a high percentage of households on agriculture activities in the country. The ESPS collects information on household agricultural activities along with other information on the households like human capital, other economic activities, and access to services and resources. The ability to follow the same households over time makes the ESPS a new and powerful tool for studying and understanding the role of agriculture in household welfare over time as it allows analyses of how households add to their human and physical capital, how education affects earnings, and the role of government policies and programs on poverty, inter alia. The ESPS is the first-panel survey to be carried out by the Ethiopian Statistical Service that links a multi-topic household questionnaire with detailed data on agriculture.

Geographic coverage
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National
Regional
Urban and Rural

Analysis unit
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- Household
- Individual
- Community

Universe
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The survey covered all de jure households excluding prisons, hospitals, military barracks, and school dormitories.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sampling frame for the second phase ESPS panel survey is based on the updated 2018 pre-census cartographic database of enumeration areas by the Ethiopian Statistical Service (ESS). The sample is a two-stage stratified probability sample. The ESPS EAs in rural areas are the subsample of the AgSS EA sample. That means the first stage of sampling in the rural areas entailed selecting enumeration areas (i.e., the primary sampling units) using simple random sampling (SRS) from the sample of the 2018 AgSS enumeration areas (EAs). The first stage of sampling for urban areas is selecting EAs directly from the urban frame of EAs within each region using systematic PPS. This is designed to automatically result in a proportional allocation of the urban sample by zone within each region. Following the selection of sample EAs, they are allocated by urban rural strata using power allocation which is happened to be closer to proportional allocation.

The second stage of sampling is the selection of households to be surveyed in each sampled EA using systematic random sampling. From the rural EAs, 10 agricultural households are selected as a subsample of the households selected for the AgSS, and 2 non-agricultural households are selected from the non-agriculture households list in that specific EA. The non-agriculture household selection follows the same sampling method i.e., systematic random sampling. One important issue to note in ESPS sampling is that the total number of agriculture households per EA remains at 10 even though there are less than 2 or no non-agriculture households are listed and sampled in that EA. For urban areas, a total of 15 households are selected per EA regardless of the households’ economic activity. The households are selected using systematic random sampling from the total households listed in that specific EA.

The ESPS-5 kept all the ESPS-4 samples except for those in the Tigray region and a few other places. A more detailed description of the sample design is provided in Section 3 of the Basic Information Document provided under the Related Materials tab.

Mode of data collection
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Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument
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The ESPS-5 survey consisted of four questionnaires (household, community, post-planting, and post-harvest questionnaires), similar to those used in previous waves but revised based on the results of those waves and on the need for new data they revealed. The following new topics are included in ESPS-5:

a. Dietary Quality: This module collected information on the household’s consumption of specified food items.

b. Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES): In this round the survey has implemented FIES. The scale is based on the eight food insecurity experience questions on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale | Voices of the Hungry | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (fao.org).

c. Basic Agriculture Information: This module is designed to collect minimal agriculture information from households. It is primarily for urban households. However, it was also used for a few rural households where it was not possible to implement the full agriculture module due to security reasons and administered for urban households. It asked whether they had undertaken any agricultural activity, such as crop farming and tending livestock) in the last 12 months. For crop farming, the questions were on land tenure, crop type, input use, and production. For livestock there were also questions on their size and type, livestock products, and income from sales of livestock or livestock products.

d. Climate Risk Perception: This module was intended to elicit both rural and urban households perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes about different climate-related risks. It also asked where and how households were obtaining information on climate and weather-related events.

e. Agriculture Mechanization and Video-Based Agricultural Extension: The rural area community questionnaire covered these areas rural areas. On mechanization the questions related to the penetration, availability and accessibility of agricultural machinery. Communities were also asked if they had received video-based extension services.

Cleaning operations
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Final data cleaning was carried out on all data files. Only errors that could be clearly and confidently fixed by the team were corrected; errors that had no clear fix were left in the datasets. Cleaning methods for these errors are left up to the data user.

Response rate
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ESPS-5 planned to interview 7,527 households from 565 enumeration areas (EAs) (Rural 316 EAs and Urban 249 EAs). However, due to the security situation in northern Ethiopia and to a lesser extent in the western part of the country, only a total of 4999 households from 438 EAs were interviewed for both the agriculture and household modules. The security situation in northern parts of Ethiopia meant that, in Tigray, ESPS-5 did not cover any of the EAs and households previously sampled. In Afar, while 275 households in 44 EAs had been covered by both the ESPS-4 agriculture and household modules, in ESPS-5 only 252 households in 22 EAs were covered by both modules. During the fifth wave, security was also a problem in both the Amhara and Oromia regions, so there was a comparable reduction in the number of households and EAs covered there.

More detailed information is available in the BID.

埃塞俄比亚社会经济面板调查（ESPS）是埃塞俄比亚统计局（ESS）与世界银行生活标准测量研究-综合农业调查（LSMS-ISA）团队的合作项目。LSMS-ISA的目标是收集多主题、家庭层面的面板数据，特别关注改善农业统计数据和加深对农业与其他经济部门之间联系的清晰认识。该项目还旨在提升能力、跨国家分享知识，以及改进调查方法和技术。ESPS是一个长期项目，旨在收集面板数据。鉴于该国大量家庭依赖农业活动，该项目响应了国家的数据需求。ESPS收集有关家庭农业活动以及其他家庭信息，如人力资本、其他经济活动以及服务与资源的获取。能够随时间追踪同一家庭的能力，使得ESPS成为研究并理解农业在家庭福利随时间演变中所扮演角色的一种新颖而强大的工具，因为它允许分析家庭如何增加其人力和物质资本，教育如何影响收入，以及政府政策与项目在贫困等问题上的作用。ESPS是埃塞俄比亚统计局首次进行的多主题家庭问卷与详细农业数据的链接调查。

地理覆盖范围
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全国性
区域
城市与农村

分析单位
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- 家庭
- 个人
- 社区

调查范围
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该调查涵盖了所有法定家庭，不包括监狱、医院、军事营房和学校宿舍。

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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第二阶段ESPS面板调查的抽样框架基于埃塞俄比亚统计局（ESS）更新的2018年人口普查前的地图数据库中的人口普查区。样本是一个两阶段的分层概率样本。农村地区的ESPS人口普查区是AgSS人口普查区样本的子样本。这意味着农村地区的第一阶段抽样包括从2018年AgSS人口普查区（EA）样本中，使用简单随机抽样（SRS）选择人口普查区（即初级抽样单位）。城市地区的第一阶段抽样是通过在每个地区的城市EA框架中直接选择EA来进行的，使用系统概率比例抽样（PPS）。这是设计用来自动在每个地区内按区域分配城市样本的。在选择了样本EA之后，它们通过权力分配分配到城市农村层，这种分配方式实际上更接近于比例分配。

第二阶段抽样是在每个样本EA中选择要调查的家庭，使用系统随机抽样。从农村EA中，选择10个农业家庭作为AgSS选择的 households的子样本，并从该特定EA的非农业家庭名单中选择2个非农业家庭。非农业家庭的选择遵循相同的抽样方法，即系统随机抽样。在ESPS抽样中，需要特别注意的一个问题是，每个EA的农业家庭总数保持在10个，即使在该EA中列出的非农业家庭少于2个或没有非农业家庭被列出和抽样。在城市地区，每个EA选择15户家庭，无论家庭的经济活动如何。家庭是通过从该特定EA列出的总家庭中，使用系统随机抽样来选择的。

ESPS-5保留了ESPS-4的所有样本，除了提格雷地区的样本和一些其他地方。有关样本设计的更详细描述，请参阅相关材料标签下的基本信息文档第3节。

数据收集方式
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计算机辅助个人访谈 [capi]

研究工具
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ESPS-5调查由四个问卷组成（家庭、社区、播种后和收获后问卷），与之前波次的问卷相似，但根据那些波次的结果和揭示的新数据进行了修订。ESPS-5包括以下新主题：
a. 饮食质量：本模块收集了家庭对特定食品的消费信息。
b. 食物不安全体验量表（FIES）：在本轮调查中，该调查实施了FIES。量表基于联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）的“食物不安全体验量表 | 饥饿之声”中的八个食物不安全体验问题。
c. 基本农业信息：本模块旨在从家庭收集最少的农业信息。它主要用于城市家庭。然而，它也用于一些农村家庭，由于安全原因无法实施完整的农业模块，因此对城市家庭进行了管理。它询问他们在过去12个月内是否进行了任何农业活动，例如作物种植和饲养牲畜。对于作物种植，问题涉及土地所有权、作物类型、投入使用和生产。对于牲畜，也有关于其规模和类型、牲畜产品以及牲畜或牲畜产品销售收入的提问。
d. 气候风险感知：本模块旨在激发农村和城市家庭对不同的气候相关风险的认知、信念和态度。它还询问家庭获取有关气候和天气相关事件信息的地点和方式。
e. 农业机械化与基于视频的农业推广：农村地区社区问卷涵盖了这些领域。在机械化方面，问题涉及农业机械的渗透、可用性和可及性。社区还被问及他们是否接受了基于视频的推广服务。

数据清理操作
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对所有数据文件进行了最终数据清理。只有团队可以明确和自信地修复的错误被纠正；没有明确修复方法的所有错误都保留在数据集中。这些错误的清理方法留给数据用户。

响应率
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ESPS-5计划从565个人口普查区（EA）（农村316个EA和城市249个EA）中的7,527户家庭进行访谈。然而，由于埃塞俄比亚北部和该国西部部分地区的安全状况，总共只有4,999户家庭在438个EA（农村316个EA和城市249个EA）中接受了农业和家庭模块的访谈。埃塞俄比亚北部的安全状况意味着，在提格雷，ESPS-5没有覆盖之前抽样过的任何EA和家庭。在阿法尔，虽然ESPS-4的农业和家庭模块覆盖了44个EA中的275户家庭，但在ESPS-5中，只有22个EA中的252户家庭同时被两个模块覆盖。在第五波中，阿姆哈拉和奥罗莫尼亚地区的安全状况也是一个问题，因此那里覆盖的家庭和EA的数量有所减少。

更多详细信息请参阅BID。