Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2007 - Cambodia

Abstract
---------------------------

The CSES is a household survey with questions to households and the household members. In the household questionnaire there are a number of modules with questions relating to the living conditions, e.g. housing conditions, education, health, expenditure/income and labour force. It is designed to provide information on social and economic conditions of households for policy studies on poverty, household production and final consumption for the National Accounts and weights for the CPI.

The main objective of the survey is to collect statistical information about living standards of the population and the extent of poverty. Essential areas as household production and cash income, household level and structure of consumption including poverty and nutrition, education and access to schooling, health and access to medical care, transport and communication, housing and amenities and family and social relations. For recording expenditure, consumption and income the Diary Method was applied.

Another main objective of the survey is also to collect accurate statistical information about living standards of the population and the extent of poverty as an essential instrument to assist the government in diagnosing the problems and designing effective policies for reducing poverty, and in evaluating the progress of poverty reduction which are the main priorities in the "Rectangular Strategy" of the Royal Government of Cambodia.

Geographic coverage
---------------------------

National Coverage

Analysis unit
---------------------------

Households

Kind of data
---------------------------

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
---------------------------

The sampling design in the CSES survey is a three-stage design. In stage one a sample of villages is selected, in stage two an Enumeration Area (EA) is selected from each village selected in stage one, and in stage three a sample of households is selected from each EA selected in stage two. The sampling designs used in the three stages were:
Stage 1: A stratified systematic pps6 sample of villages was selected. Strata were defined by provinces and the urban/rural classification of villages. The size measure used in the systematic pps sampling was the number of households in the village according to the population census 1998.
Stage 2. One EA was selected by Simple Random Sampling (SRS), in each village selected in stage 1.
Stage 3. In each selected EA a sample of households was selected by systematic sampling.

The design described above was used for the CSES 2004 survey.7 In 2007, a subsample of the villages, or EAs, in the 2004 sample was selected by SRS. The villages and EAs surveyed in 2007 were thus included in the sample in both years. In each selected EA a sample of households was selected by systematic sampling. The selected households in 2007 are not necessarily the same as those included in the sample in 2004.

The selection of households in stage three was done in field by first listing the households in the selected EA, and then selecting a systematic sample of households. Selected households were observed during one calendar month. The allocation of the households over the months in 2007 was done so that each village in the 2007 sample was observed in the same calendar month as in 2004. The sample size in 2007 was 360 villages or 3,600 households, compared to the sample for the 2004 survey of 720 villages or 12,000 households.

Some provinces were excluded, due to cost and other reasons, in the sample for 2007. The estimates are however, adjusted for the under coverage error caused by excluding those provinces. Please refer to Technical Documents for details.

Mode of data collection
---------------------------

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
---------------------------

Four different questionnaires or forms were used in the CSES 2007:
1. Household listing form
The listing of households was used for sampling households, see section 4.3.

2. Village questionnaire
The village questionnaire was responded by the village leader or a representative of the village leader. The questions are about economy and infrastructure, crop production, health, education, retail prices, rental and sales prices of land etc.

3. Household questionnaire
The household questionnaire was responded by the head of the household, spouse of the head of the household or of another adult household member. The household questionnaire includes questions about housing conditions, crop production and other agricultural activities, liabilities, durable goods, construction activities and income from other sources than economic activity. It also includes questions for each household member about education and literacy, migration, current economic activity and employment, health, smoking, HIV/AIDS awareness, and victimization. Some of these questions were responded by the head of household/spouse and some were responded by each household member. The questions in the first part of the household questionnaire are posed during the initial visit to the household. This part includes questions about e.g. the household member's age, sex, marital status, relation to head of household, and questions about household expenditure/consumption of food and non-food items.
During a survey month different questions have been asked different weeks according to the following:
• Week 1. Questions about education, migration, and housing
• Week 2. Questions about economic activity, agricultural and non-agricultural business, household liabilities and other incomes.
• Week 3. Questions about construction, durable goods, and child health
• Week 4. Questions about current economic activities, health and victimization

4. Diary sheet
The diary sheet on daily household expenditure, including value of own production, and income have been filled in during the entire month.

Cleaning operations
---------------------------

A team of data editors, data coders and data entry staff was formed. The data editors were checking the questionnaires before the data entry and also took care of errors to ensure that entered data were consistent with the collected data in the questionnaires or diaries.

Response rate
---------------------------

Not Computed

Sampling error estimates
---------------------------

In order to provide a basis for assessing the reliability or precision of CSES estimates, the estimation of the magnitude of sampling error in the survey data were computed. Since most of the estimates from the survey are in the form of weighted ratios, variances for ratio estimates are presented.

The Coefficients of Variation (CV) on national level estimates are generally below 4 percent. The exception is the CV for total value of assets where there are rather high CVs especially in the urban areas, which should be expected. The CVs are somewhat higher in the urban and rural domains but still generally below 7 percent. For the five zones, the average CVs are in the range 5 to 13 percent with a few exceptions where the CVs are above 20 percent. For provinces the CVs for food consumption are 9 percent on average.

The sample take within Primary Sampling Units (PSU) was set to 10 households per PSU in the CSES 1999. When data on variances became available, it was possible to make crude calculations of the optimal sample take within PSU. Calculations on some of the central estimates in the CSES 1999 show that the design effects in most cases are in the range 1 to 5.

Intra-cluster correlation coefficients have been calculated based on the design effects. These correlation coefficients are somewhat high. The reason is that the characteristics that are measured tend to be concentrated (clustered) within the PSUs. The optimal sample size within PSUs under different assumptions on cost ratios and intra-cluster correlation coefficients was then calculated. The cost ratio is the average cost for adding a village to the sample divided by the average cost of including an extra household in the sample. In the CSES, it was chosen to adopt a fairly low cost ratio due to the fact that the interview time per household is long. Under this assumption the optimal sample size is probably around 10 households per village for many of the CSES indicators.

摘要
---------------------------
CSES（柬埔寨社会经济调查）是一项针对家庭及其成员的户囯调查，其中包含关于居住条件、教育、健康、支出/收入和劳动力等方面的模块。该调查旨在为政策研究提供有关家庭的社会和经济状况的信息，包括贫困、家庭生产和最终消费，以及为国民账户和消费者价格指数（CPI）提供权重。

调查的主要目标是收集关于人口生活水平和贫困程度的统计信息。关键领域包括家庭生产和经济收入、家庭消费水平和结构，包括贫困和营养、教育及其入学机会、健康及其医疗服务可及性、交通和通信、住房和便利设施以及家庭和社会关系。在记录支出、消费和收入时，采用了日记法。

调查的另一个主要目标也是收集关于人口生活水平和贫困程度的准确统计信息，作为辅助政府诊断问题、设计有效减贫政策以及评估减贫进展的重要工具，这些是柬埔寨王国政府“矩形战略”中的主要优先事项。

地理覆盖范围
---------------------------
全国覆盖

分析单元
---------------------------
家庭

数据类型
---------------------------
样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
---------------------------
CSES调查的抽样设计分为三个阶段。第一阶段选择村庄样本，第二阶段从第一阶段选定的每个村庄中选择一个统计区域（EA），第三阶段从第二阶段选定的每个EA中选择家庭样本。三个阶段的抽样设计如下：
阶段 1：采用按省份和村庄的城乡分类定义的分层系统概率比例抽样（pps6）的村庄样本。系统抽样的测量指标是根据1998年人口普查的村庄家庭数量。
阶段 2：在第一阶段选定的每个村庄中，通过简单随机抽样（SRS）选择一个EA。
阶段 3：在选定的每个EA中，通过系统抽样选择家庭样本。

上述设计用于2004年的CSES调查。2007年，从2004年样本中选择了村庄或EA的子样本。因此，2007年调查的村庄和EA被纳入了两年份的样本。在每个选定的EA中，通过系统抽样选择家庭样本。2007年选定的家庭并不一定与2004年样本中的家庭相同。

在第三阶段，通过在现场列出选定的EA中的家庭，然后选择一个系统样本的家庭来进行家庭的选择。选定的家庭在一个月内进行观察。2007年各月家庭的分配是为了确保2007年样本中的每个村庄在相同月份观察到，与2004年相同。2007年的样本量为360个村庄或3,600个家庭，而2004年调查的样本量为720个村庄或12,000个家庭。

由于成本和其他原因，一些省份在2007年的样本中被排除。然而，由于排除这些省份造成的覆盖率误差，估计值已进行调整。有关详细信息，请参阅技术文件。

数据收集方式
---------------------------
面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
---------------------------
CSES 2007中使用了四种不同的问卷或表格：
1. 家庭登记表：用于家庭抽样，请参阅第4.3节。
2. 村庄问卷：由村庄领导或村庄领导代表的代表回答。问题涉及经济和基础设施、作物生产、健康、教育、零售价格、土地的租赁和销售价格等。
3. 家庭问卷：由户主、户主的配偶或另一位成年家庭成员回答。家庭问卷包括关于住房条件、作物生产和其他农业活动、负债、耐用消费品、建筑活动和来自经济活动以外的收入等问题。还包括针对每个家庭成员关于教育、识字、迁移、当前经济活动、就业、健康、吸烟、HIV/AIDS意识以及受害情况的问题。其中一些问题由户主/配偶回答，而另一些问题由每个家庭成员回答。家庭问卷第一部分的问题在首次访问家庭时提出。这部分包括有关例如家庭成员年龄、性别、婚姻状况、与户主的关系以及关于家庭食品和非食品支出/消费的问题。
在调查月内，根据以下情况在不同周提出不同的问题：
• 第1周：关于教育、迁移和住房的问题
• 第2周：关于经济活动、农业和非农业业务、家庭负债和其他收入的问题
• 第3周：关于建筑、耐用消费品和儿童健康的问题
• 第4周：关于当前经济活动、健康和受害情况的问题
4. 日记表：在整个月填写关于每日家庭支出、包括自产价值及其收入的日记表。

数据清理操作
---------------------------
成立了一支数据编辑、数据编码和数据录入人员团队。数据编辑在数据录入之前检查问卷，并负责纠正错误，以确保录入的数据与问卷或日记中收集的数据一致。

响应率
---------------------------
未计算

抽样误差估计
---------------------------
为了评估CSES估计的可靠性和精度，计算了调查数据中抽样误差的大小。由于大多数调查估计都是以加权比率的表格形式呈现，因此提供了比率估计的方差。

全国估计的变异系数（CV）通常低于4%。例外的是总资产价值的CV，特别是在城市地区，这应该是可以预料的。城市和农村领域的CV略高，但通常仍低于7%。对于五个区域，平均CV在5到13个百分点之间，有几个例外，CV超过20个百分点。对于省份，食物消费的CV平均为9个百分点。

在CSES 1999中，每个初级抽样单位（PSU）的样本量设置为每个PSU 10户。当获得方差数据时，可以做出关于PSU内最佳样本量的粗略计算。CSES 1999中一些中心估计的计算表明，大多数情况下设计效果在1到5之间。

基于设计效果计算了簇内相关系数。这些相关系数相对较高。原因是所测量的特征往往集中在PSU内。然后根据不同成本比和簇内相关系数的假设，计算了PSU内的最佳样本量。成本比是增加一个村庄到样本的平均成本除以包括一个额外家庭到样本的平均成本。在CSES中，由于每个家庭的访谈时间较长，因此选择了相当低的成本比。在此假设下，最佳样本量可能大约在许多CSES指标中每个村庄10户左右。