青海省东北部地区中晚全新世人类对动物资源的获取与利用——以青海湖盆地尖嘴遗址为例

我们于2017年6月在青海湖盆地野外调查时发现尖嘴遗址（36.95°N，99.61°E；海拔3350m），并在地表选取1m×1.5m的样方，进行了小面积试掘。在深约为130cm的剖面中发现较丰富的动物碎骨、炭屑、石器及陶片等文化遗物。根据其结构特征可将其大致分为4层：第1层(0~30cm)，为现代表土层,发育有现代高寒草甸土壤；第2层（30~85cm），为灰黑色粉砂质粘土层，该层中夹杂着大量炭屑，出土有陶片、兽骨、石器等文化遗物，其中骨头多为被敲碎的碎块，部分疑似为骨器；陶器与骨头（部分）有明显的火烧痕迹，石器为打制石器，技术较为粗糙，其岩性与就近的出露基岩一致，说明为就地取材；第3层(85~130cm)，为砂黄土，土质较为疏松,其底部发育一薄层（约2~3cm厚）的浅红色古土壤,属原生沉积地层,人类活动干扰小；第4层（130cm以下），为基岩，未见文化遗物。本研究在整理鉴定时，参照的标本主要来自中国社科院考古研究所科技考古中心动物考古实验室和中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所的现生和古代动物标本，参阅《中国脊椎动物化石手册》,《动物骨骼图谱》等骨骼图谱。在动物骨骼、炭屑等文化遗物鉴定和采集完毕后,分别从剖面地层的45cm、75cm、75cm和87cm这4处层位依次选取了骨头、炭屑、骨头和炭屑4个测年样品（分别是A45B、A75C、A75B和A87C,见表1），送至美国Beta实验室进行加速器质谱（Acceleratormassspectrometry）AMS14C年代测定，获得的14C年代应用CalibREV702年代校正软件中的IntCali13树轮校正曲线将其校正为日历年。

In June 2017, during a field survey in the Qinghai Lake Basin, we discovered the Jianzui Site (36.95°N, 99.61°E; 3350 m above sea level), and selected a 1 m × 1.5 m quadrat on the surface for small-scale test excavation. Abundant cultural relics including broken animal bones, charcoal, lithic artifacts and pottery sherds were unearthed from the section at a depth of approximately 130 cm. Based on their structural characteristics, the deposits can be roughly divided into four layers:
Layer 1 (0–30 cm): Modern topsoil, where modern alpine meadow soil has developed;
Layer 2 (30–85 cm): Grayish-black silty clay layer containing abundant charcoal inclusions, yielding cultural relics such as pottery sherds, animal bones and lithic artifacts. Most of the recovered bones are broken fragments, some of which are suspected to be bone tools; both pottery and some bones exhibit clear burning traces. The lithic artifacts are flaked stone tools with relatively crude manufacturing techniques, and their lithology matches the nearby exposed bedrock, indicating that raw materials were procured locally;
Layer 3 (85–130 cm): Sandy loess with relatively loose texture. A thin layer (approximately 2–3 cm thick) of pale reddish paleosol is developed at its base, belonging to primary sedimentary strata with minimal human disturbance;
Layer 4 (below 130 cm): Bedrock with no cultural relics found.
For the collation and identification in this study, reference specimens were primarily sourced from the Zooarchaeology Laboratory of the Scientific Archaeology Center, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, as well as modern and ancient animal specimens from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. We also referred to skeletal atlases including *Handbook of Chinese Vertebrate Fossils* and *Atlas of Animal Skeletons*.
After identifying and collecting cultural relics such as animal bones and charcoal, four dating samples (A45B, A75C, A75B and A87C; see Table 1) were sequentially selected from the stratigraphic layers at 45 cm, 75 cm, 75 cm and 87 cm of the section, corresponding to bone, charcoal, bone and charcoal respectively. These samples were sent to the Beta Laboratory in the United States for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) ¹⁴C dating. The acquired ¹⁴C ages were calibrated to calendar years using the IntCal13 tree-ring calibration curve in the CalibREV702 calibration software.

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集聚焦青海湖盆地尖嘴遗址，研究中晚全新世人类对动物资源的获取与利用，基于2017年野外调查发现的文化遗物如动物碎骨、炭屑和石器。关键特点包括遗址位于高海拔地区（3350m），遗物显示人类活动痕迹如火烧和就地取材，并通过地层分析和AMS14C测年方法提供年代数据，支持考古学与古环境研究。