Research progress and lightweight path of γ-ray shielding composites

γ-ray shielding materials are of significant importance in applications such as nuclear energy, medical treatment, and aerospace. Although traditional lead-based materials exhibit excellent shielding performance, their high density, toxicity, and lack of flexibility have limited their use in lightweight and environmentally sustainable applications. In recent years, composite materials have attracted growing research interest due to their low density, good processability, and tunable properties. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in lightweight γ-ray shielding composites, with a focus on three key aspects: matrix types, filler size, and structural optimization. The characteristics and limitations of various design strategies are discussed, along with emerging trends in multifunctional designs such as flame retardancy, electromagnetic shielding, and green sustainability. Significant progress has been made in the lightweight design of γ-ray shielding composites; however, challenges remain regarding the balance between shielding efficiency and mechanical properties, poor filler dispersion, and limitations in engineering applications. Future research should focus on integrated multifunctional design, promote the development of green and sustainable solutions, and advance scalable fabrication techniques, thereby offering new strategies for protection in complex radiation environments.