Pilot testing an ethanol cornual nerve block as a long-term analgesic for calf disbudding

Disbudding prevents horn growth in calves through thermal or chemical cauterization and causes damage that is painful for weeks following the procedure. Current pain management strategies are only effective from 1 to 2 h (local anesthetic) to 1–3 d (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). A potential practical solution for addressing longer-term pain may be to administer ethanol as a cornual nerve block. When administered at a high concentration, ethanol damages the functionality of peripheral nerves, promoting localized long-lasting analgesia. It is also thought to be painful, thus ethanol may be combined with lidocaine, as a mixed solution or administered beforehand. We tested the use of an ethanol cornual nerve block for anesthesia around the horn bud in 2 pilot studies. We used different concentrations and amounts of ethanol (100 and 70%) in combination with different ratios of lidocaine in our attempt to identify an effective block. In pilot 1, 14 non-disbudded calves were administered 2–4 mL of 100% ethanol below the boney ridge on each side of the head to block the cornual nerve at 3–10 d of age (n = 28 horn buds) and observed for 5 wk. The duration of loss of sensation was evaluated using pinprick tests 10 min, 1, 3, and 7 d after the block, and then weekly thereafter until 35 d or full sensation had returned. Pinprick tests consisted of lightly pressing a needle in 10 evenly spaced locations around the base of the horn bud (0 responses = no sensation, 1–5 responses = partial sensation, 6–10 responses = full sensation). Pilot 2 looked at the 24 h after the injection and consisted of 9 non-disbudded calves (5 mL of 2:1, 70% ethanol and 2% lidocaine/horn bud) and 6 disbudded individuals (5 mL of 100% ethanol, 70% ethanol, or 2% lidocaine per horn bud). All treatments were administered at the calf level. Anesthesia was checked 10 min after the injection and 4 or 16 h later. In pilot 1, on the day of the ethanol injection (0-d), there was no sensation in 85% of horn buds. Sensation began to return as early as 1 d after blocking, with only 50, 21, and 3% of horn buds having no sensation at 1, 7, and 35 d, respectively. Partial sensation was present in 25, 17, and 10% of horn buds at these time points. In pilot 2, 27.8% of horn buds in the non-disbudded group had no sensation while 33.3% had partial sensation 10 min after the injection. In the disbudded calves 10 min after the injection, 100% of horn buds from the 100% ethanol group had partial sensation and 100% of horn buds administered 70% ethanol had full sensation. Four or 16 h later, 100% of horn buds had full sensation. Together, in these pilot studies, ethanol provided inconsistent anesthesia when used for a cornual nerve block.

Methods
The methods are described in the associated research publication.