Tree diversity drives multiple facets of bee diversity via microenvironment

Wild bees are widely distributed and effective pollinators, yet they face significant threats such as degradation of forests. Forest restoration has been advocated as a strategy to mitigate these threats and stabilize biodiversity. However, there is a lack of understanding of the ecological consequences of forest restoration on bee diversity, particularly regarding interactions with tree diversity and microenvironment. Using data from the world’s largest tree diversity experiment (BEF-China), this study examines how tree species richness, canopy cover, understory vegetation, and microclimatic conditions affect bee diversity in the context of forest restoration. Our analysis of bee diversity data (8,341 individuals from 79 species) revealed that these biotic factors had distinct effects on three dimensions of bee diversity. Specifically, canopy cover had a negative effect on bee taxonomic diversity but a positive effect on phylogenetic and functional diversity. However, these patterns we..., Study sites
The study was carried out in the BEF-China Biodiversity Experiment which is located in forests of Jiangxi province, a subtropical region (29°08′–29°11′N, 117°90′–117°93′E). For this study, 66 plots were selected randomly for the two sites (33 plots for each site), which covered a tree species richness gradient from 0 to 24 (for each site, 1 plot without artificial planted trees, 16 plots with monocultures, 8 plots with 2 species, 4 plots with 4 species, 2 plots with 8 species, 1 plot with 16 species and 1 plot with 24 species).
Environmental factors
Four quadrats were set on the diagonal (next to the traps) and one was set in the centre of each plot to measure the coverage of understory vegetation, of which the size was 1 m*1 m (see Fig S1). Above each quadrat, canopy cover was recorded through hemispherical pictures taken at 1 m above ground with a 180-mm fish eye lens and then calculated as percentage of black area of total image size using Gap Light Analyzer 2.0 (Fra..., , # Tree diversity drives multiple facets of bee diversity via microenvironment

Dataset DOI: [10.5061/dryad.zs7h44jjm](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.zs7h44jjm)

## Description of the data and file structure

### Files and variables

#### File: diversity.csv

**Description:** the diversity indices used in this study

##### Variables

* hill.shann: bee taxonomic diversity; estimation using hill numbers (hereafter TD, ' q' = 1: Shannon diversity ) in the R package ‘hilldiv’
* PD.ses: standardized effect size of bee phylogenetic diversity (Value~obs~ - Value~mean~) / Valuesd); Faith’s phylogenetic diversity
* FDiv.ses: standardized effect size of bee functional diversity (Value~obs~ - Value~mean~) / Valuesd); Functional divergence; 
* Site: sampling site (A or B)
* Plot: sampling plots
* Year: sampling year
* Month: sampling month

#### File: env.csv

**Description:** the environmental factors considered in this study

##### Variables

* Site: sampling site (A or B)
* Plot: sampling plots
*...,