Four-way ANOVA results for climbing performance.

Aging is accompanied by loss of motor function driven by mitochondrial oxidative stress. To examine how genotype and sex modulate this process, we exposed Oregon-R (wild-type) and vestigial (wing-deficient) Drosophila of both sexes to chronic paraquat a mitochondrial stressor generating sustained ROS production at 0, 10, or 20 mM. We tracked climbing performance from day 5–50 alongside survival. Paraquat impaired locomotion dose- dependently, with effects modified by genotype and sex (four-way ANOVA, all p