Postcranial Morphology of <i>Adalatherium hui</i> (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

The holotype and only known specimen of <i>Adalatherium hui</i> from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar preserves the first postcranial skeleton for the Gondwanatheria. It represents only the fourth Mesozoic mammaliaform described from articulated postcranial material from Gondwana (the others being the morganucodontans <i>Megazostrodon</i> and <i>Erythrotherium</i> and the stem therian <i>Vincelestes</i>). The postcranial skeleton of <i>Adalatherium</i> is virtually complete, and its preservation is exceptional; even costal cartilages and manual and pedal sesamoids are preserved. <i>Adalatherium</i> exhibits a variety of derived and plesiomorphic traits, probably reflective of a long evolutionary history in geographic isolation on Madagascar. Among the bizarre features are a mediolaterally compressed and anteroposteriorly bowed tibia, an unusually high number of trunk vertebrae (at least 16 thoracic and 12 lumbar vertebrae), a short tail, and a trochleated navicular facet on the astragalus. Aside from these features, <i>Adalatherium</i> displays derived and plesiomorphic characteristics in its pectoral girdle: the coracoid is well developed and contributes to half of the glenoid fossa, a separate procoracoid is absent, and the sternoclavicular joint appears to have been mobile. A ventrally facing scapular glenoid and the well-developed humeral trochlea suggest a relatively parasagittal forelimb posture. Notable features of the hind limb and pelvic girdle include a large obturator foramen similar in size to that of therians, a large parafibula, and the presence of epipubic bones. Articulation between the pelvic girdle and hind limb is in contrast to that between the pectoral girdle and the forelimb in that it is indicative of a sprawling posture.