Chemical analyses of manganese nodules and crusts from the Pacific Ocean using X-ray fluoresence analysis

In 1969, Kennecott Exploration Inc (KEI) was formed and between 1970 and 1974 KEI conducted seven exploration campaigns for manganese deposits. With progressively more detailed sampling and survey work including dredging for bulk samples in 1972 (up to 197 tons of nodules) this effort was concentrated in the so-called Clarion-Clipperton Zone of North-Central Pacific. For the preparation of these survaeys, a systematic geochemical assessment of existing samples of manganese nodules and crusts in the Pacific area were conducted under the supervision of Mr. David Felix, Chief Geologist. Some of these analyses wre informaly transmitted to the Scripps Institute of Oceanography and later added to the NOAA-MMS database.4 manganese nodules and crusts fom the North Pacific Ocean (ARIES Scripps expedition) were analysed using X-ray fluoresence analysis after being dried for 24 hours at 105 Degrees Celsius.