Clinical assessment (mean ± SD) of patients with PD before (preoperative condition) and after (postoperative condition) STN-DBS surgery.

Note. Statistical effects between the two conditions (pre- and post-surgery) are reported (Wilcoxon’s test for paired comparisons).* p ** p *** p Postoperative assessments were performed with the stimulator ON.Abbreviations. SD = standard deviation; UPDRS-III = Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III; TMT: Trail Making Test; MCST = Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; MADRS = Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale; MDRS = Mattis Dementia Rating Scale; AES = Apathy Evaluation Scale.Clinical assessment (mean ± SD) of patients with PD before (preoperative condition) and after (postoperative condition) STN-DBS surgery.