Supplementary materials to "Qualitative approximations to causality: Non-randomizable factors in clinical psychology"

Supplementary materials to: Höfler, M., Trautmann, S., & Kanske, P. (2021). Qualitative approximations to causality: Non-randomizable factors in clinical psychology. Clinical Psychology in Europe, 3(2), Article e3873. https://doi.org/10.32872/cpe.3873 The supplement provides additions to the paper, namely other sources of bias than confounding, and futher popular approaches to causality besides those from the new toolbox and Granger causality. Besides, it addresses the example of the effect of childhood trauma (factor X = CT) on depression (outcome Y = DE) using a DAG (directed acyclic graph) model on common causes and subsequent study design and data analysis the model gives rise to.