Estimated effects of pamphlet (with or without education) versus usual care (control) and effects of pamphlet with education versus pamphlet without.

ameasured using the Back Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ), with possible score ranging from 9 to 45 with higher scores indicating more positive beliefs.bmeasured using Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, with possible score ranging from 0 to 24 for physical activity-related fear and 0 to 42 for work-related fear. Higher scores indicate higher fear avoidance beliefs and attitudes.cmeasured with numerical rating scale, with possible score ranging from 0 (“no pain”) to 10 (“worst pain”).dmeasured with numerical rating scale, with possible score ranging from 0 (“no effect on activities of daily living”) to 10 (“unable to perform any activities of daily living”) Data represent adjusted means.