Summary of the varied life-history traits causing largest change in the three measured species’ range expansion measures, i.e. the projected number of butterfly individuals, number of occupied 200×200 m grid cells and mean maximal latitudinal range shift, shown for the two species and two land cove

The mean value (+/− standard deviation) from the 100 replicate runs is given for each measure in parenthesis. Species parameterisation abbreviations: Maniola jurtina and Issoria lathonia: DL1 = 1500 m, DL2 = 5000 m (alternative values for mean distance of long-distance dispersal events); K1 = 200, K2 = 300 (alternative values for carrying capacity); Issoria lathonia, GR1 = 1.5 (lower alternative value for population growth rate). Summary of the varied life-history traits causing largest change in the three measured species’ range expansion measures, i.e. the projected number of butterfly individuals, number of occupied 200×200 m grid cells and mean maximal latitudinal range shift, shown for the two species and two land cover types separately.