Engineering Thinking Assessment Scale (ETAS) Data

The ETAS comprises 28 items that measure key engineering thinking elements. To provide a comprehensive assessment of students' psychological and behavioral characteris-tics in engineering thinking, each item is structured into two tiers: the emotional tendency tier and the practical performance tier. The emotional tendency tier assesses students' self-efficacy in applying engineering thinking elements, whereas the practical performance tier evaluates their actual application of these elements in engineering projects.