Ginger-derived exosomal nanovesicles attenuate hepatic injury in type 2 diabetic rats via gut–liver axis modulation

This dataset accompanies a 6-week preclinical study in male Wistar rats (48 animals total, n = 8 per group) that tested oral ginger-derived exosomal nanovesicles (GEX) in a nicotinamide–streptozotocin / high-fat-diet model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The six experimental arms were: normal control, normal + GEX-high (50 mg/kg/day), diabetic control, diabetic + metformin (500 mg/kg/day), diabetic + GEX-low (25 mg/kg/day), and diabetic + GEX-high (50 mg/kg/day).

Readouts cover serum biochemistry and ELISA insulin, hepatic oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx, TAC, NO), mitochondrial bioenergetics (ATP, JC-1, NAD+/NADH), Western blot for Nrf2/Keap1 and AMPK pathway proteins, qRT-PCR for nine target genes, 16S rRNA fecal microbiota with GC-MS short-chain fatty acid quantification, and liver histopathology with Bcl-2 and Bax immunohistochemistry.

Raw 16S FASTQs (96 paired-end files from 48 samples) live at NCBI SRA under BioProject PRJNA1460981, not in this repository — INSDC archives are the proper home for primary sequence data. What is here: the metadata that ties each SRA accession to its experimental arm, the uncropped Western blot scans, the annotated R analysis script, and the numerical source data behind every figure.

All animal procedures were approved by the Umm Al-Qura University IACUC (HAPO-02-K-012-2025-06-2799) and conducted under ARRIVE 2.0. Related publication: submitted to BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 2026.