Analysis of deviance table (type II Wald Chi-square test and type III Wald Chi-square test when a model with an interaction term has been selected).

Note: Fertilizer, sex, and start date were considered as fixed effects of the models. Family or clutch were considered as a random effect of the mixed models (see text for more details). For size models, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values were calculated using maximum likelihood (ML) but other parameters were from REML estimation.Values represent the effect of fertilizer, sex, their interaction, and start date on the deviation of development time to pupation (DT) and pupal mass from the control treatment for Aglais urticae, Polygonia c-album, and Aglais io.