Sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical characteristics of participants (n = 178).

Abbreviations used: SD = standard deviation, IQR = interquartile range. Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation for continous variables (p-25-hydroxyvitamin D and body mass index) and as median and interquartile range for categorical variables (age, supplement use, physical activity, smoking habits and alcohol intake). There was a significant difference in age across groups (p<0.001). Body mass index data missing for 5 patients in CARMS 5.