PALEOS: Mass–Radius Tables for Rocky and Water-Rich Exoplanets

PALEOS: Mass–Radius Tables for Rocky and Water-Rich Exoplanets Precomputed mass–radius relations for rocky and water-rich exoplanets, generated with the open-source Python package PALEOS (Planetary Assemblage Layers: Equations Of State). These tables provide planetary radii as a function of mass for a range of compositions and surface temperatures, suitable for direct comparison with observational data or as benchmarks for interior structure models. Scope and motivation Interpreting the masses and radii of observed exoplanets requires theoretical mass–radius relations that span a range of bulk compositions and thermal states. PALEOS integrates the planetary structure equations (hydrostatic equilibrium, mass continuity, and adiabatic temperature gradient) using its internally consistent equations of state for Fe, MgSiO₃, and H₂O. The tables released here are the primary application product of PALEOS: they map planet mass to radius for two composition families across the parameter space most relevant to rocky and water-rich super-Earths. Tables included The archive contains 17 plain-text .dat files organized in two subdirectories: Rocky planets (rocky/, 9 files) — Fe core + MgSiO₃ mantle: File T_surf paleos_mr_rocky_T300K.dat 300 K paleos_mr_rocky_T500K.dat 500 K paleos_mr_rocky_T1000K.dat 1000 K paleos_mr_rocky_T1500K.dat 1500 K paleos_mr_rocky_T2000K.dat 2000 K paleos_mr_rocky_T2500K.dat 2500 K paleos_mr_rocky_T3000K.dat 3000 K paleos_mr_rocky_T3500K.dat 3500 K paleos_mr_rocky_T4000K.dat 4000 K Water-rich planets (water/, 8 files) — Earth-like rocky core (CMF = 0.325) + H₂O envelope: File T_surf paleos_mr_water_T300K.dat 300 K paleos_mr_water_T400K.dat 400 K paleos_mr_water_T500K.dat 500 K paleos_mr_water_T600K.dat 600 K paleos_mr_water_T700K.dat 700 K paleos_mr_water_T800K.dat 800 K paleos_mr_water_T900K.dat 900 K paleos_mr_water_T1000K.dat 1000 K Parameter space All models use a surface pressure of 1 bar (10⁵ Pa) and adiabatic temperature profiles. Rocky: 22 core mass fractions (CMF = 0.000, 0.050, …, 1.000 plus the Earth-like value 0.325) × 50 planet masses (0.1–100 M⊕, log-uniform) per temperature. Each file contains 1,100 mass-radius points. The Earth-like composition (CMF = 0.325) appears first in each file. Water-rich: 20 water mass fractions (WMF = 0.050, 0.100, …, 1.000) × 50 planet masses per temperature. The rocky portion of each planet has an Earth-like composition (CMF = 0.325). Each file contains 1,000 mass-radius points, except at 300 K (999 points) and 400 K (999 points), where one low-mass case each did not converge. Columns Rocky files: CMF, M_earth, R_earth CMF — Core mass fraction (iron / total planet mass) M_earth — Planet mass [Earth masses] R_earth — Planet radius [Earth radii] Water files: WMF, M_earth, R_earth WMF — Water mass fraction (H₂O / total planet mass) M_earth — Planet mass [Earth masses] R_earth — Planet radius [Earth radii] Data rows within each file are grouped by composition (CMF or WMF), separated by blank lines for readability. Usage Tables are plain-text, comma-delimited files with comment headers (lines starting with #) and blank lines between composition groups. The following Python snippet loads a table: import pandas as pd df = pd.read_csv('paleos_mr_rocky_T300K.dat', comment='#', skip_blank_lines=True) License and citation These tables are released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. If you use these tables, please cite the forthcoming PALEOS paper (Attia et al., in prep.).