Urine osmolarity example: final models selected by backward elimination (BE) with a significance threshold , augmented backward elimination (ABE) with and a change-in-estimate threshold , and unselected model (No selection).

Urine osmolarity UOSM, the exposure of main interest, is included in all models. The initial set of adjustment variables for these models was selected by the disjunctive cause criterion. Hazard ratios (HR), confidence limits (CI) and p-values are given. Model stability was evaluated by bootstrap inclusion frequencies (based on bootstrap resamples). UOSM, creatinine clearance, and proteinuria were log2-transformed and therefore, corresponding hazard ratios are per doubling of each variable.Abbreviations and symbols: , significance threshold; ABE, augmented backward elimination; ACEI/ARBs, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers; BE, backward elimination; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; , change-in-estimate threshold; Uosm, urine osmolarity (mosm/L).Urine osmolarity example: final models selected by backward elimination (BE) with a significance threshold , augmented backward elimination (ABE) with and a change-in-estimate threshold , and unselected model (No selection).